• Research Article

    Research on national space security strategy and space surveillance governance
    Junghyun Yoon, Sunghoon Lee, Jungsik Um, Yungjin Jung, Moosang Chung, Eunbeen Shin
    With the advent of the New Space era and the intensification of U.S.-China competition extending into outer space, a compelling case emerges … + READ MORE
    With the advent of the New Space era and the intensification of U.S.-China competition extending into outer space, a compelling case emerges for developing a national-level space security strategy to strengthen space security. A national space security strategy transcends domain-specific boundaries and necessitates a comprehensive approach that encompasses military, economic, and diplomatic dimensions, requiring partnerships among diverse actors, including not only governmental entities but also corporations and individual stakeholders. To date, South Korea’s space activities have been characterized by fragmented pursuit through individual ministries for discrete objectives such as development or defense, rather than through a systematic strategy for national security. In this context, this study focuses on deriving a systematic and comprehensive vision, goals, and practical tasks that encompass not only national defense but also the activation of the space economy, international cooperation, and space diplomacy. The study proposes a mid- to long-term vision of “a space power ensuring the safety and prosperity of a sustainable space environment, based on the enhancement of national space security capabilities.” Based on this vision, the study presents the following key practical tasks: △ Strengthening space security capabilities at the national level, △ Ensuring the safety and sustainability of space activities, △ Cultivating a self-reliant ecosystem for the space economy, and △ Establishing international governance for the peaceful use of space. Furthermore, the study delineates directions for collaboration between public and private sectors and multi-layered cooperation among various actors, including intelligence agencies. To implement these objectives, the study emphasizes the need for △ Establishing space safety and security, △ Creating a viable space economy and industry, △ Strengthening space diplomacy and international cooperation, and △ Enhancing space technology capabilities. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2025

  • Research Article

    Policy and technology research for establishing a space security operation system
    Jong Bum Kim
    This study examines the multifaceted dimensions of space security through a comprehensive analysis of definitional frameworks, emerging threats, and operational safeguards. In … + READ MORE
    This study examines the multifaceted dimensions of space security through a comprehensive analysis of definitional frameworks, emerging threats, and operational safeguards. In the definition and related status, we investigate the conceptual boundaries and practical implications of Space Security, Space Threat, Space Safety, Space Traffic Management, and Space Development Innovation Systems. Within the domain of space security and security platform trends, this research evaluates established frameworks including CCSDS space security protocols and NIST information protection management systems. Concerning space security and management system implementation trends, we analyze critical components such as system threat assessment, security protocol design, and space-to-ground communication link protection. The investigation encompasses domestic and international trends in space object protection, synthesizing technical and policy discourse emerging from UN COPUOS, IADC, ISO, alongside national initiatives in the US, Europe, and Korea. Through examination of space security cases in major countries, we assess implementation strategies across the US, Europe, Korea, and Japan. This study culminates in the formulation of comprehensive space security guidelines that address practical constraints while proposing specific space security strategies tailored to contemporary operational requirements. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2025

  • Research Article

    Research on integrated satellite imaging planning systems and analysis of opportunities for satellite visits to the Korean Peninsula
    Jin Lee, Yoonill Lee, Ingu Lee, Yujin Jeong, Donghun Lee
    This study undertakes comprehensive foundational research aimed at developing an integrated imaging planning system that synthesizes capabilities from both national and international … + READ MORE
    This study undertakes comprehensive foundational research aimed at developing an integrated imaging planning system that synthesizes capabilities from both national and international satellites. To achieve this, we conducted systematic analyses of the orbits and system specifications of currently operational satellites, coupled with a critical examination of national imaging planning systems and their inherent limitations. Advanced international practices were subjected to rigorous evaluation to identify areas for improvement. Based on the comprehensively compiled orbital and payload information, we analyzed the revisit opportunities to the Korean Peninsula. Additionally, we propose novel orbital configurations designed to increase satellite visit frequency during time slots characterized by relatively lower access opportunities. This study establishes the technical foundation for maximizing the utilization of international satellites while simultaneously advancing the domestic acquisition planning system for future applications, which will substantially enhance the utility of satellite data across diverse operational domains. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2025

  • Research Article

    Multi-tiered space cyber TARA: Quantification of risk and mitigation with SPARTA TTP
    Sang Seo, Dohoon Kim
    As space cybersecurity undergoes profound transformation within the increasingly intelligent and networked environment, a standardized methodology for risk assessment and defense validation … + READ MORE
    As space cybersecurity undergoes profound transformation within the increasingly intelligent and networked environment, a standardized methodology for risk assessment and defense validation becomes imperative for mitigating attack surfaces through threat intelligence and Indicators of Compromise (IoCs). However, existing frameworks such as SPARTA (Space Attack Research & Tactic Analysis) lack a structured Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methodology to quantify the propagation of damage from Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) targeting intrinsically vulnerable space infrastructure and to formulate optimal countermeasures. This study addresses this critical gap by proposing a multi-tiered Space Cyber Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment (TARA) framework, which integrates Space Risk (SR) and Space Mitigation (SM) metrics to achieve Defense-in-Depth (DiD) and Secure Space-by-Design (S2bD) within the space ecosystem. The framework further ensures interoperability with SPARTA’s risk matrix and Minimum Notional Baseline (MNB) through standardized normalization. To valid ate its effectiveness, a comprehensive best-practice assessment is conducted on the space supply chain. This TARA-based approach enables more granular quantification of threat impact metrics and mitigation response metrics—domains that have received limited attention in prior research. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate its practical effectiveness. Future work will focus on the full-scale implementation of Space Penetration Testing as a Service (Space-PTaaS) and Space Enterprise Mission Assurance Support Service (Space-eMASS). - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2025

  • Research Article

    Conceptual design of an active debris removal mission targeting KOMPSAT-1
    Taeyeon Choe, Minhyung Kim, Woojin Jeong, Jinhyuk Jang, Hyeongjun Park, Jai-ick Yoh
    The rapid increase in space debris within Earth’s orbit has significantly heightened the risk of collisions, posing threats to critical satellite operations. … + READ MORE
    The rapid increase in space debris within Earth’s orbit has significantly heightened the risk of collisions, posing threats to critical satellite operations. In response, this paper proposes a conceptual on-orbit servicing (OOS) and active debris removal (ADR) mission architecture, encompassing key phases such as rendezvous, proximity maneuvers, debris capture, and final deorbiting. Our approach integrates robust navigation and path-planning algorithms, validated using NASA’s General Mission Analysis Tool (GMAT) and MATLAB, to address uncertainties in orbital dynamics. The mission design includes a spacecraft with a dry mass of 150 kg and an additional 150 kg of propellant, featuring a specific impulse of 250 s. Analysis indicates that approximately 130 kg of propellant is sufficient for successful mission execution. Furthermore, a conjunction assessment is conducted to mitigate the risk of secondary collisions during deorbit, ensuring the safety of other resident space objects. By presenting a streamlined concept of operations (ConOps) and detailing operational methodologies, this work provides valuable insights for future ADR missions and contributes to the sustainability of space activities. Ultimately, our findings emphasize the necessity of systematic mission planning and reliable technological solutions to address the escalating challenge of orbital debris. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2025

  • Research Article

    LEO space situational awareness optimization with multiple sensor systems
    Seo-Eun Lee, Yong-Ik Byun, Daewon Kim, Hoyoung Hwang
    This study examines the effectiveness of SSA observations for the LEO region, where collision risk is high and the need for orbit … + READ MORE
    This study examines the effectiveness of SSA observations for the LEO region, where collision risk is high and the need for orbit change detection is critical. We first consider the expected performance of a single high-power space radar currently planned for South Korea, then evaluate how to improve its performance by adding data from a complementary global network of sensors. Virtual satellites were placed at altitudes of 250, 550, and 1200 km, and their detections were simulated numerically for the primary 2D radar in South Korea as well as for radar/optical sensors at various international locations. For the global network, we considered a network of four 1D radars and a dense network of thirteen Ultra-Wide Field of View (UWFoV) optical sensors. Both average daily detection rates and revisit time statistics were estimated; the latter is especially useful for determining how often orbit updates can be made for each virtual satellite. For a single 2D radar placed in South Korea, the average revisit time is extremely large: 18 hours for the 250 km group, with some observed only once per week. For the 550 and 1200 km samples, revisit times exceed 9 and 7 hours, respectively. This situation improves significantly with the aid of a complementary global network, which reduces the revisit time to 3.7, 1.5 and 0.8 hours for the 250, 550, and 1200 km groups respectively. For the latter two altitude groups, this means that satellites can be examined for maneuvers or sudden orbit changes almost every orbit. The revisit statistics of a single 2D radar are particularly poor for polar satellites, but this can also be resolved by adding data from the global network. The optical UWFoV sensor network demonstrates superior performance; the inherent limitations of nighttime operation and satellite visibility are not significant obstacles when the sensor network is sufficiently dense. Optical sensors cannot operate in cloudy conditions, and nearly half of the optical data is lost when we incorporate weather effects. The SSA effectiveness, however, still remains high. We conclude that the establishment of a complementary global optical UWFoV network will be an important asset for the upcoming 2D space radar in South Korea. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2025
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